In making further course changes it is recognised that, while there is evidence
that explicit approaches are more effective than implicit ones, there is a
lack of research into the effectiveness of particular explicit approaches (Lederman
2007). In a school setting there have been some studies on the impact of
explicit approaches to developing NOS which are integrated or non-integrated,
but in reporting on their own study and review of work, Khishfe and Lederman
(2007) call for more research in this area. Thus it is not possible to draw
lessons from this for course developments and the first two bullet points above
reflect both integrated and non-integrated approaches to the work with the next
cohorts.