Abstract: In the last two decades, socio-economic changes in Europe have had a
significant effect on land cover changes, but it is unclear how this has affected mountain
areas. We focus on two mountain areas: the eastern Italian Alps and the Romanian
Curvature Carpathians. We classified land cover from Earth observation data after 1989 by
using applied remote sensing techniques. We also analyzed socio-economic data and
conducted semi-structured interviews with local stakeholders. In Italy, most of the land
conversion processes followed long-term trends. In Romania, they took off with the sudden
political changes after 1989. In both areas, forest expansion was the biggest, but potentially
not the most consequential change. More consequential changes were urbanization in Italy
and small-scale deforestation in Romania, since both increased the risk of
hydro-meteorological hazards. Stakeholders’ views were an added value to the spatial
analysis and vice versa. For example, stakeholders’ explanations resolved the seeming
contradiction of decreased economic activity and increased urbanization (Italian site), as a
consequence of secondary home building. Furthermore, spatial analysis revealed that urbanization in Romania was less significant with regard to consequences for the wider
human-environment system than many stakeholders thought.