A heavy duty tubular regulated furnace (Lindberg 9001) was
used for carbonization. The pre-dried solid sample was inserted in
the middle of the furnace using a 4 cm in diameter and 75 cm long
cylindrical stainless steel tube. The furnace was heated to the
desired carbonization temperature at a ramp (30 C/min). The
sample was kept at the desired temperature 450 C for 2 h, under
inert atmosphere (N2 gas 99.9%) at a flow rate of about 0.5 L min1
.
The resulting carbon was cooled to room temperature under nitrogen
flow. The resulting product yield was recorded.