In the 21st century Canada is often characterised as being "very progressive, diverse, and multicultural".[9] However, Canada until the 1940s saw itself in terms of English and French cultural, linguistic and political identities, and to some extent Aboriginal.[10] European immigrants speaking other languages, such as Canadians of German ethnicity and Ukrainian Canadians, were suspect, especially during the First World War when thousands were put in camps because they were citizens of enemy nations.[11] Jewish Canadians were also suspect, especially in Quebec where antisemitism was a factor and the Catholic Church of Quebec associated Jews with modernism, liberalism, and other unacceptable values.[12]
Asians encountered legal obstacles limiting immigration during the 1800s and early 1900s.[13][14] Additional, specific ethnic groups that did immigrate during this time faced barriers within Canada preventing full participation in political and social matters, including equal pay and the right to vote.[15] While black ex-slave refugees from the United States had been tolerated, racial minorities of African or Asian origin were generally believed "beyond the pale" (not acceptable to most people).[16] Although this mood started to shift dramatically during the Second World War,[17][18] Japanese Canadians were interned during the overseas conflict and their property confiscated.[19] Prior to the advent of the Canadian Bill of Rights in 1960 and its successor the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms in 1982, the laws of Canada did not provide much in the way of civil rights and it was typically of limited concern to the courts.[20] Since the 1960s Canada has placed emphasis on equality and inclusiveness for all people.[21][22]
In the 21st century Canada is often characterised as being "very progressive, diverse, and multicultural".[9] However, Canada until the 1940s saw itself in terms of English and French cultural, linguistic and political identities, and to some extent Aboriginal.[10] European immigrants speaking other languages, such as Canadians of German ethnicity and Ukrainian Canadians, were suspect, especially during the First World War when thousands were put in camps because they were citizens of enemy nations.[11] Jewish Canadians were also suspect, especially in Quebec where antisemitism was a factor and the Catholic Church of Quebec associated Jews with modernism, liberalism, and other unacceptable values.[12]
Asians encountered legal obstacles limiting immigration during the 1800s and early 1900s.[13][14] Additional, specific ethnic groups that did immigrate during this time faced barriers within Canada preventing full participation in political and social matters, including equal pay and the right to vote.[15] While black ex-slave refugees from the United States had been tolerated, racial minorities of African or Asian origin were generally believed "beyond the pale" (not acceptable to most people).[16] Although this mood started to shift dramatically during the Second World War,[17][18] Japanese Canadians were interned during the overseas conflict and their property confiscated.[19] Prior to the advent of the Canadian Bill of Rights in 1960 and its successor the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms in 1982, the laws of Canada did not provide much in the way of civil rights and it was typically of limited concern to the courts.[20] Since the 1960s Canada has placed emphasis on equality and inclusiveness for all people.[21][22]
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