According to TTM, human illness can be caused by the following factors:
1. Supernatural power, e.g., ancestor’s soul, powerful spirit of the forest, evil spirits, punishment from a heavenly spirit of those who misbehave.
2. Power of Nature, e.g., imbalance in the four elements of the body (earth, water, wind and fire), imbalance of heat and cold, and imbalance of the body’s equilibrium.
3. Power of the universe, e.g., positive and negative influences from the sun, the moon and the stars on human health.
4. Kimijati, which may be considered the equivalent of microorganisms or parasites in modern medicine.