The conception of limiting environmental factors for economic development and the maintenance of resilience (Holling, 1973) is strongly present in ecological economics. Common and Perrings
(1992), for example, formulate a general principle along which criteria of sustainable development can be specified: “An ecological economics approach requires that resources be allocated in such a way that they do not threaten the stability either of the system as a whole or of key components of the system” (p. 31). This has also consequences for managing the environment and external effects according to Holling (2001, p. 404), “the era of ecosystem management via incremental increases in efficiency is over. We are now in an era of transformation,in which ecosystem management must build and maintain ecological
resilience as well as the social flexibility needed to cope, innovate, and adapt.”