Much less effort, however, has gone in to exploring what, in the current age of globalization, has become critical for the field—definition of international or cross-national HRD. There has certainly been a substantial body of literature, many of which will be reviewed in the literature review, focusing on the practice of HRD in an international or cross-national context and the development of foundational concepts and theories related to international/cross-national HRD. However, we have been unable to find any efforts at defining the field in this context.