The panel cointegration results shown in Table 3 for a model including a constant term clearly indicate
the absence of a cointegrating relationship between oil prices and stock markets for our panel four GCC
countries. This result, however, is based on conventional asymptotic critical values that are calculated on
the assumption of cross-sectional independence of countries, an assumption that is absent for the oil price
and stock market indices time series for GCC countries for which strong economic links exist (see infra).