Results showed that TCS had toxic effects on the biomass, shell diameter growth, and total
food intake of A. fulica with no observed effect concentration (NOEC) values of 24 mg kg1. As for the antioxidant
enzymes, TCS caused significant oxidative stress even at the low concentration of 24 mg kg1.
The CAT and POD activities at the high concentrations of 200 and 340 mg kg1, respectively, were significantly
inhibited. The SOD and CAT activity in treatments below 118 mg kg1 and the MDA content in all
treatments showed dose–effect relationships.