The subjects were preschool children aged 2.5-3 years. There were 100 little boys. All were children of blue collar workers. Ninety of the children had English as a second language. The experiment was conducted in English. They tasted 10 ml. samples of 400 mM Nacl,300 mM sucrose,200 um quinine sulfate and 25 mM citric acid. All were made from reagent grade chemicals(Zocor Chemicals lnc.,Fresno,CA.), dissolved in distrilled water.