Vitamin D represents another pathway by which muscle and bone
may interact. Individuals with vitamin D deficiency and rickets display
concurrent defects in muscle and bone. Mutations in vitamin D signaling
are also associated with generalized underdevelopment of the
musculoskeletal system. These observations suggest an integrated role
of vitamin D in muscle/bone health. Potential mechanisms may relate
to effects of vitamin D in the expression of myokines and osteokines
(i.e. muscle and bone-derived hormones) or regulation of mechanostimulatory
processes.