3. Overview of Thailand tapioca starch industry
3.1. Production process
In Thailand, processing of tapioca starch is similar among the plants, but it may be different in techniques and machines used in each production stage. Shown in Fig. 1 is the production process of tapioca starch to which no reuse and recycling of water in the production lines are applied. Although most of the studied plants reuse and recycle water at some point, this processing scheme is intended to show potential sources of water consumption and wastewater generation. The total amount of water used, wastewater generated, sand and peel, and fibrous residues were averaged from the eight studied plants. The portions of water used and wastewater generated in each production stage were obtained from the previous study team [5]. The wet matter mass and water mass