despite the growing unpopularity of the concept of instinct during the 1940s and 1950s, many (mostly male) scientists selected the evidence they considered appropriate, thus they continued to believe in the concept of maternal instinct. As Judith Lorber (1997,p.13) quipped, "believing is seeing." One of these scientist was psychologist Harry Harlow, whose research ironically provided evidence against the validity of the concept of maternal instinct.