The most part of randomized controlled calcium intervention trials examining change in bone mineral density have been performed in postmenopausal women. Women with low to moderate calcium intakes benefit significantly from calcium supplementation. Some studies suggest that recently estrogen-deficient women (within the first 5 years of menopause) are generally less responsive to calcium than women 6 or more years since menopause. Recently, a metaanalysis of studies concerning the bone mineral density responses to hormone replacement therapy in relation to calcium intake, has shown that the bone mineral density gain at each skeletal site assessed (spine, hip and forearm) was significantly greater in women who increased their calcium intake than in women who took hormonal replacement therapy alone