Rosenberg et al. (1990) reported that increase of soluble solids concentration
resulted in decreased the time required for powder crust formation, and consequently, losses of volatiles were reduced. In the case of maltodextrin, the low total carotene content obtained was probably due to the lack of emulsification and low film-forming capacity resulted in
poor b-carotene retention during drying. Maltodextrin used in this study contained molecules, which are too small to impart the emulsifying characteristics. The high-surface carotene content observed for native tapioca starch could be attributed to the high viscosity of the starch. High
viscosity caused an increase in time of droplet formation and internal mixing (Rosenberg et al., 1990). And these may allow the carotene to migrate to the surface prior to the formation of dry crust around the particles.