On rice, F. moniliforme induces seedling elongation, foot rot, seedling rot, grain sterility,
and grain discoloration (11). The pathogen can be both seed-borne and soilborne. Generally, the seed-borne inoculum provides initial foci for secondary infection. Under favorable environmental conditions, infected plants in different foci have the capacity to produce numerous conidia that subsequently infect proximate healthy plants, which results in yield loss