Figure 2 contains the overall path model initially tested. As noted earlier, past studies of empowerment (Spreitzer 1995, I996) have found significant evidence that the intrinsic personality variables of self-esteem and locus of control are related to empowerment. Consistent with these findings, the current study measures these two variables with a set of questionnaire items. However, since they are not of primary interest to the study, they are used only as control variables and included in the final model only when found to be significantly associated with particular factors.