Within the area, a total of 811 buildings were identified in the municipal cartography. The average footprint is 221.6 m2.
For solar mapping, a spatial database including planimetric and altimetric data was used (Fig. 2). The planimetric information comprises three sets: the building footprints, the census block groups, and the land use map. The building footprints were obtained from the Lisbon's Municipal Cartography from 1998, at 1:1000 scale, and updated for the year of the LiDAR flight. The census block groups in Portugal are supported by cartography and are available in vector format for every decade. The block group is the finest spatial unit for which the decadal Census reports population and housing data. Land use information was provided by the Urban Atlas, which maps land use for selected European cities, including Lisbon, using 19 thematic classes and has a minimum mapping unit of 0.25 ha (for ‘Artificial surfaces’) (EEA, 2013).