2.1 Materials preparation and alkaline treatment
Sugarcane bagasse was provided by PG Madukismo, a sugar mill in Yogyakarta province, Indonesia. The bagasse was washed and dried, then milled to size 40 mesh. 250 g of bagasse was weighted and placed at 12 L reactor. Three litter of NaOH was added to the reactor (solid to liquid ratio was 1:12). Concentration of NaOH was 1N and 2N alternately. The reactor was heated at 100ºC and 1 bar pressure. Cooking time with NaOH 1N was performed by heating the reactor for 15 min., 30min., and 45 min. respectively. Meanwhile cooking time with NaOH 2N was 40 minutes. Before and after cooking, bagasse has been analyzed for its lignin, cellulose and hemicelluloses content by using Chesson method [7]. One g (a) of dry sample was added with 150 ml H2O. Then, refluxed at 100 °C in water bath for 1 h. The result was filtered, and the residue washed with hot water (300 ml). The residue was then dried in an oven until constant then weighed (b). Residue was added 150 ml of 1 N H2SO4 then refluxed in a water bath temperature of 100° C for 1 h. The results are filtered to neutral (300 mL) and dried (c). Dried residue was added with 10 ml of 72% H2SO4 and soaked at room temperature for 4 h. Residue then added 150 ml of 1 N H2SO4 and refluxed on a water bath for 1 h. Residue was filtered and washed with H2O to neutral (400 mL) and then heated in an oven with a temperature of 105ºC and the results weighed (d), the residue weighed and ashed in the furnace (e). Hemicellulose content = [(b-c)/a] x 100%; Cellulose content = [(c-d)/a] x 100%; Lignin content = [(d-e)/a ]x 100%.
2.1 Materials preparation and alkaline treatment Sugarcane bagasse was provided by PG Madukismo, a sugar mill in Yogyakarta province, Indonesia. The bagasse was washed and dried, then milled to size 40 mesh. 250 g of bagasse was weighted and placed at 12 L reactor. Three litter of NaOH was added to the reactor (solid to liquid ratio was 1:12). Concentration of NaOH was 1N and 2N alternately. The reactor was heated at 100ºC and 1 bar pressure. Cooking time with NaOH 1N was performed by heating the reactor for 15 min., 30min., and 45 min. respectively. Meanwhile cooking time with NaOH 2N was 40 minutes. Before and after cooking, bagasse has been analyzed for its lignin, cellulose and hemicelluloses content by using Chesson method [7]. One g (a) of dry sample was added with 150 ml H2O. Then, refluxed at 100 °C in water bath for 1 h. The result was filtered, and the residue washed with hot water (300 ml). The residue was then dried in an oven until constant then weighed (b). Residue was added 150 ml of 1 N H2SO4 then refluxed in a water bath temperature of 100° C for 1 h. The results are filtered to neutral (300 mL) and dried (c). Dried residue was added with 10 ml of 72% H2SO4 and soaked at room temperature for 4 h. Residue then added 150 ml of 1 N H2SO4 and refluxed on a water bath for 1 h. Residue was filtered and washed with H2O to neutral (400 mL) and then heated in an oven with a temperature of 105ºC and the results weighed (d), the residue weighed and ashed in the furnace (e). Hemicellulose content = [(b-c)/a] x 100%; Cellulose content = [(c-d)/a] x 100%; Lignin content = [(d-e)/a ]x 100%.
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