However, Chikamatsu (2003) conducted a study to examine the effects of computers on writing efficiency and quality among intermediate learners of Japanese who found computer use neither sped up nor slowed down their writing. Its use also did not facilitate writing efficiency in composition. Yet computer use did improve accuracy at the word level, indicating that learners benefited from computer writing. The study also showed that a possible explanation for the apparent ineffectiveness of computer use was that students might not have been skillful typists. For logographic languages such as Japanese and Chinese, which have input processes different from those of English and other Indo-European languages, computer use by second language learners is relatively uncommon and its impact on writing is uncertain.