3. The Definition of Variables and Sampling
(1) The Definition of Variables
Contents validity is tested by three processes such as extracting items from
prior research, verifying the item by experts, and ascertaining the average of the
items. The first is connected with the definitions of the variables which come
from prior research. Commitment can be explained as an effort to continuously
invest in the relationships and as a psychological effort to sustain relationships
with others.46) Internal orientation can be explained as the ability to connect
internal processes to achieve customer needs in the entire logistics system.47) It
can be divided into work standardization, process improving, and collaboration
between departments.48) Market orientation means that firms should answer
very well to customer needs compared to competitors thus enjoying superior
profits and competitive advantages and it also represents an effort of firms to
predict a change in customer needs.49) It can be divided into intelligence
generation, intelligence dissemination, and responsiveness. Transportation
services represents the ability to make service discrimination to provide
satisfaction for customers.50) It can be explained as trust, response, and
flexibility. All items are measured as perceptions on a seven Likert scale. The
second is connected with the verification of experts. The items in the
questionnaire come from prior research and five experts ascertained the items.
Three of them are academia and two are in firms. The former have worked for
over five years in a university and the latter have worked for over ten years in a
firm. They decided that there are no problems in the items but some items are
vague. These were changed through discussion with the experts. The third is the
average of the items as follows
3. The Definition of Variables and Sampling
(1) The Definition of Variables
Contents validity is tested by three processes such as extracting items from
prior research, verifying the item by experts, and ascertaining the average of the
items. The first is connected with the definitions of the variables which come
from prior research. Commitment can be explained as an effort to continuously
invest in the relationships and as a psychological effort to sustain relationships
with others.46) Internal orientation can be explained as the ability to connect
internal processes to achieve customer needs in the entire logistics system.47) It
can be divided into work standardization, process improving, and collaboration
between departments.48) Market orientation means that firms should answer
very well to customer needs compared to competitors thus enjoying superior
profits and competitive advantages and it also represents an effort of firms to
predict a change in customer needs.49) It can be divided into intelligence
generation, intelligence dissemination, and responsiveness. Transportation
services represents the ability to make service discrimination to provide
satisfaction for customers.50) It can be explained as trust, response, and
flexibility. All items are measured as perceptions on a seven Likert scale. The
second is connected with the verification of experts. The items in the
questionnaire come from prior research and five experts ascertained the items.
Three of them are academia and two are in firms. The former have worked for
over five years in a university and the latter have worked for over ten years in a
firm. They decided that there are no problems in the items but some items are
vague. These were changed through discussion with the experts. The third is the
average of the items as follows
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