1 Etymology and nomenclature
2 History
3 Causes that create and expand slums
3.1 Rural-urban migration
3.2 Urbanization
3.3 Poor housing planning
3.4 Colonialism and segregation
3.5 Poor infrastructure, social exclusion and economic stagnation
3.6 Informal economy
3.7 Poverty
3.8 Politics
3.9 Social conflicts
3.10 Natural disasters
4 Characteristics of slums
4.1 Location and growth
4.2 Insecure tenure
4.3 Substandard housing and overcrowding
4.4 Inadequate or no infrastructure
5 Risks
5.1 Vulnerability to natural and unnatural hazards
5.2 Unemployment and informal economy
5.3 Violence
5.4 Disease
5.5 Child Malnutrition
5.6 Epidemics
6 Countermeasures
6.1 Slum removal
6.2 Slum relocation
6.3 Slum upgrading
6.4 Urban infrastructure development and public housing
7 Prevalence
8 See also
8.1 Variations of impoverished settlements
8.2 Organizations and concepts
9 References
10 Further reading