The use of ethanol as a solvent increased bleaching, but did not
affect growth, compared to clove oil dissolved in seawater. This result,
coupled with Frisch et al.'s (2007) finding that a single treatment of
ethanol alone did not affect corals, suggests that ethanol and clove oil
may interact, resulting in a mixture more toxic to corals than expected
based on the effects of clove oil or ethanol alone. One explanation for
the possible synergism may be that ethanol increases the solubility of
clove oil in seawater, potentially increasing the permeability of clove
oil into the coral tissue. Testing these hypotheses will require a focus
on cellular uptake and toxicology, aswell as the use of a more complex
experimental design in which ethanol and clove oil are varied
independently. Our data on duration of exposure for each solution
supports the hypothesis of increased solubility and local retention.
Ethanol with 14% clove oil and seawater with 28% clove oil yielded the
highest (and similar) concentrations of clove oil over time. Furthermore,
the concentration of clove oil was approximately 10-fold higher
in the ethanol versus seawater treatments (14% clove oil) treatments
after 5 s and 15 s.
The use of ethanol as a solvent increased bleaching, but did not
affect growth, compared to clove oil dissolved in seawater. This result,
coupled with Frisch et al.'s (2007) finding that a single treatment of
ethanol alone did not affect corals, suggests that ethanol and clove oil
may interact, resulting in a mixture more toxic to corals than expected
based on the effects of clove oil or ethanol alone. One explanation for
the possible synergism may be that ethanol increases the solubility of
clove oil in seawater, potentially increasing the permeability of clove
oil into the coral tissue. Testing these hypotheses will require a focus
on cellular uptake and toxicology, aswell as the use of a more complex
experimental design in which ethanol and clove oil are varied
independently. Our data on duration of exposure for each solution
supports the hypothesis of increased solubility and local retention.
Ethanol with 14% clove oil and seawater with 28% clove oil yielded the
highest (and similar) concentrations of clove oil over time. Furthermore,
the concentration of clove oil was approximately 10-fold higher
in the ethanol versus seawater treatments (14% clove oil) treatments
after 5 s and 15 s.
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