non-linear voltage-current characteristic of the PV array it is
challenging to track the MPP. To overcome these problems,
many algorithms have been developed to provide maximum
PV power. These vary in complexity, computation burden,
range of effectiveness, hardware implementation, popularity,
convergence speed, and in other respects [1] and [2]. The
perturb and observe (P&O) algorithm is the most commonly
used algorithm, due to its ease of implementation. However,
the (P&O) algorithm suffers from oscillation around the MPP
during steady state operation, leading to some waste of
available energy, and the system accuracy is low [2]. The
incremental conductance method is used to overcome the
oscillation problem by comparing the incremental and
instantaneous conductance of the PV array. However, system
implementation is more complex and increases the cost to the
whole system [3]. The fractional short-circuit current and
fractional open-circuit voltage methods are simple, but both
techniques share the same drawbacks, such as error due to
linearization approximation and temporary power loss caused
by the ongoing short-circuit or open-circuit calibration cycles
of the PV array