Thermal withdrawal latency was determined as the duration in milliseconds between contact and until the rats lifted their paws away from the hotplate. If there was no withdrawal response after 12 seconds, the experimenter removed the tested paw to avoid tissue injury. This test was repeated 3 times at 10-second intervals at baseline and 3 more times after treatment with study sprays. After completion of the study, rat pups were returned to their dams for breastfeeding for 7 more days.