7. Learning and action for sustainability It is not surprising that neither case implemented a participatory process that fully met the ideal conditions of learning, as others have also noted consistent deviation from ideal learning conditions in EA public participation processes (Diduck and Mitchell, 2003; Fitzpatrick, 2006; Fitzpatrick and Sinclair, 2003; Sinclair and Diduck, 2001). Nonetheless, instrumental, communicative, and transformative learning outcomes, as well as individual and social action outcomes were identified through interviews with community participants.