Table 2
Urinary cadmium levels among male and female subjects stratified by occupation, source of staple food and smoking history.
Men Women
Yes No Yes No
Mean SD/SE Mean SD/SE Mean SD/SE Mean SD/SE
Farmera N = 261 N = 47 N = 374 N = 116
Age 53.3 14.1 45 18.2*** 52.1 12.4 45.7 15.8***
U–Cd 5.94 2.19 2.87 3.06*** 6.4 2.15 4.22 2.69***
Age-adjusted U–Cd 5.88 1.05 3.05 1.13### 6.33 1.08 4.37 1.08###
Homegrown rice N = 290 N = 17 N = 456 N = 32
Age 52 15.1 52.7 14.7 50.6 13.4 50.4 15
U–Cd 9.31 1.2 5.08 5.3 4.3 2.8 2.4 9.6
Age-adjusted U–Cd 5.46 1.05 3.4 1.23# 5.83 1.04 5.34 1.16
Smoker N = 253 N = 55 N = 217 N = 273
Age 53.6 14.4 44.9 16.1* 58.4 11 44.5 12.2***
U–Cd 5.58 2.25 4.27 3.08 5.86 1.97 5.73 2.59
Age-adjusted U–Cd 5.52 1.06 4.56 1.13 5.43 1.08 6.08 1.05
Mean: geometrical mean, estimated mean after adjustment of age. SD/SE: geometrical standard deviation, standard error after adjustment of age.
* Comparisons of means between two groups were tested by t-test; P < 0.05. *** Comparisons of means between two groups were tested by t-test; P < 0.001. # Comparisons of age-adjusted means between two groups were analyzed by GLM; P < 0.05. ### Comparisons of age-adjusted means between two groups were analyzed by GLM; P < 0.001. a Farmer was defined as an individual who engaged in agriculture and consumed exclusively one own produced rice.