leadership as power
where leadership is viewed as power, the term is actually synonymous with action. here, leadership means getting things done or making things happen that, without the inventation of the reader, would not occur. whatever the style, position ,or behavior utilized in this context the reader acts as a central catalyst that moves the group toward action
in some cases, the reader may attempt to lead by creating the desire for action within the followers themselves. the focus is still on making something happen, but there is a shift toward empowering ,or enabling, followers to take responsibility for the resulting action. a good example of such empowerment occurs in a typical community action program in which a leader mobilizes support to address critical problems that influence the lives of his or her constituents.
in this context then, where leadership is power, leadership can be defined as the frequency with which an individual influences or direct the behaviors of other within a group. the crucial questions here are these: what allows power to occur in the first place? why does a group do what a particular person suggests? why do group members listen carefully to, and consider the suggestions of , one person while they dismiss those of others even before the speakers finish talking? how does the person whose suggestions are frequently accepted achieve this fluence? and why do members do what he or she advocates? simply put, when one person does what another want him or her to do, we say that the fluencer has power over the reader. leadership clearly involves power-that is, the ability to influence other people by whatever means necessary (Mcdavid and Harari, 1968)
Fairhurst and Chandler (1989) revealed that people identified leaders. from out earlier study of norms, it is easy to understand how a consistent and quite clear expectation of these rather obvious language patterns can influence the existing relationships. predictable, patronizing, and condescending behavior can subtly reinforce old stereotypes and attitudes.
a person may be very influential and have a great deal of power in one group, and he or she is considered the leader because the group frequently accepts his or her direction. in another group, he or she may little power ; his or her suggestions are infrequently accepted by the group, and he or she would not be identified as one of the leaders. it is not unusual for a person who is a clerk in a business to be a powerful board member in a boy scout council. the reverse also occurs, though less often. the chairperson of a university department-high power in the department- may only be window-dressing(low power) in a community association. power is not a universal: it is limited by the person being influenced. a powerful person has power over only those whom he or she can influence in the areas and within the limits defined by the person being influenced. in other words, you have only the power those being influenced let you have.
discussions of leadership sooner or later evolve into a discussion of power. the word itself evokes visions of manipulation, the omnipotent "big brother" and personal feelings of powerlessness. we think of Machiavelli's The Prince and his strategies of power; we recall the dictum of lord action, "Power corrupts, of power; and politics is defined as the ultimate power game.
acocording to Clemens and Mayer, Machiavellian politics can easily be translated to encompass modern concerns. Machiavelli was, of course, the "first management thinker to actually bring power out of the closet" (Clemens and Mayer, 1987, p.105). even so power is rarely addressed and remains a kind of taboo in management. what do we personally think of power? would we rather be powerful or powerless? to be decision makers , to be controllers, to have things go our ways - yet we are ashamed to admit , even to ourselves, that we desire power. according to john W.Gardner, former secretary of health, education and Welfare and author of extensive leadership papers, most of us want leaders who are not hungry for power, but (ironically enough) we have created a system in which only the power- hungry will stay the course (Gardner, 1989)
and why wouldn't we want to be powerful (except for our confusions on the subject) ? the more powerful members of a group tend to be more popular than low-powered members. they speak to, and are addressed by, the other higher powered members more than are lower-powered members (stogdill,1974). they particpate more, they exert more innfluence attempts, and their influence is more accepted( Gray, Richardson, and Mayhew,1968; Hoffman, Burke,and Maier, 1965; Mulder, 1971; Rubin et al., 1971; Rubin and Lewicki, 1973). Groups tend to be better satisfied whem more powerful members occupy leadership positions(stogdill 1974) and those in positions and those in positions of power enjoy being in the group more (kipnis,1972).
Further, being in a position of power correlates with positive self- concepts. in an experiment with group of harvard undergraduates, archer(1974) found that those with high power over the experimental period changed in the directions of more negative self-concepts.
what determines who has power? one conceptual scheme( French and Raven, 1960) distinguishes five different kind of power
referent power first, there is the kind of influence we do not even think of as power. we may emulate the clothes of someone we consider fashionable, we may espouse an argument we first heard from a brilliant intellectual with whom we identify, we may buy a book because someone whose opion we valve commented favorably on it. these people have referent power over us; we identify with them in certain areas, and they influence us without our feeling manipulated
In smaller groups, we hear the suggestions of those whom we perceive as having good ideas quite differently from those whose thinking we categorize pedestrian. We hear the member who speak for us, who represents our point of view, who sounds as though he or she understands our position, and we are much more influenced to act in accordance with his or her suggestions. We may be influenced by those of higher status, a position we regard as important, a personal style, or charisma. In each situation, the powerful person has power because we accept his or her influence and do it voluntarily. Obviously, this power exists only as long as that person is a referent for us. Parents are powerful referents for children until they are teenagers and then perhaps become powerful negative referents for a while; later their referent power usually becomes less direct.
เป็นพลังงาน ที่ดูเป็นผู้นำเป็นพลังงาน คำอย่างจริงดำเนินการ ที่นี่ หมายถึงการนำสิ่งที่ทำ หรือทำแค่เกิดขึ้น ที่ไม่ inventation ของผู้อ่าน จะไม่เกิดขึ้น เพียงรูปแบบ ตำแหน่ง หรือพฤติกรรมใช้ในบริบทนี้อ่านทำหน้าที่เป็น catalyst กลางที่ย้ายกลุ่มไปดำเนินการในบางกรณี อ่านอาจพยายามนำ โดยการสร้างความต้องการสำหรับการดำเนินการภายในลูกศิษย์ตัวเอง โฟกัสอยู่ยังคงทำสิ่งที่เกิดขึ้น แต่มีกะกระจายอำนาจ หรือการเปิดใช้ งาน ผู้ติดตามรับผิดชอบสำหรับการดำเนินการได้ ตัวอย่างที่ดีของอำนาจดังกล่าวเกิดขึ้นในชุมชนโดยทั่วไปการดำเนินการโปรแกรมซึ่งผู้นำ mobilizes สนับสนุนอยู่ปัญหาสำคัญที่มีอิทธิพลต่อชีวิตของเขา หรือเธอ constituentsในบริบทนี้แล้ว ซึ่งเป็นผู้นำเป็นพลังงาน สามารถกำหนดความเป็นผู้นำเป็นความถี่ที่มีผลต่อบุคคล หรือพฤติกรรมอื่น ๆ ภายในกลุ่มโดยตรง นี่คือคำถามที่สำคัญที่นี่: อะไรทำให้พลังงานเกิดขึ้นในสถานที่แรก ไม่กลุ่มทำไมอะไรเป็นคนแนะนำ ทำไมสมาชิกกลุ่มฟังอย่างระมัดระวัง และพิจารณาข้อเสนอแนะของ คนเดียวในขณะที่พวกเขายกเลิกของผู้อื่นแม้แต่ก่อนลำโพงเสร็จพูดอะไร บุคคลมักจะรับคำแนะนำที่ไม่บรรลุ fluence นี้อย่างไร and สมาชิกทำไมอะไรก็สนับสนุน เพียงแค่ใส่ เมื่อคนหนึ่งทำสิ่งอื่นที่ต้องการเขาหรือเธอจะทำอย่างไร เรากล่าวว่า fluencer ที่มีอำนาจเหนือผู้อ่าน เป็นผู้นำอย่างชัดเจนเกี่ยวข้องกับพลังงาน-นั่นคือ ความสามารถในการมีอิทธิพลต่อบุคคลอื่น โดยวิธีใด ๆ ก็ตามจำเป็น (Mcdavid และ Harari, 1968)Fairhurst และ Chandler (1989) เปิดเผยว่า คนระบุผู้นำ จากออกก่อนหน้านี้ศึกษาบรรทัดฐาน ซึ่งง่ายต่อการเข้าใจว่าความคาดหวังค่อนข้างชัดเจน และสอดคล้องของรูปแบบภาษาที่ค่อนข้างชัดเจนเหล่านี้สามารถมีอิทธิพลต่อความสัมพันธ์ที่มีอยู่ รายละเอียดสามารถเสริมได้ patronizing และยอมรับพฤติกรรมมักเก่าและทัศนคติa person may be very influential and have a great deal of power in one group, and he or she is considered the leader because the group frequently accepts his or her direction. in another group, he or she may little power ; his or her suggestions are infrequently accepted by the group, and he or she would not be identified as one of the leaders. it is not unusual for a person who is a clerk in a business to be a powerful board member in a boy scout council. the reverse also occurs, though less often. the chairperson of a university department-high power in the department- may only be window-dressing(low power) in a community association. power is not a universal: it is limited by the person being influenced. a powerful person has power over only those whom he or she can influence in the areas and within the limits defined by the person being influenced. in other words, you have only the power those being influenced let you have.discussions of leadership sooner or later evolve into a discussion of power. the word itself evokes visions of manipulation, the omnipotent "big brother" and personal feelings of powerlessness. we think of Machiavelli's The Prince and his strategies of power; we recall the dictum of lord action, "Power corrupts, of power; and politics is defined as the ultimate power game.acocording to Clemens and Mayer, Machiavellian politics can easily be translated to encompass modern concerns. Machiavelli was, of course, the "first management thinker to actually bring power out of the closet" (Clemens and Mayer, 1987, p.105). even so power is rarely addressed and remains a kind of taboo in management. what do we personally think of power? would we rather be powerful or powerless? to be decision makers , to be controllers, to have things go our ways - yet we are ashamed to admit , even to ourselves, that we desire power. according to john W.Gardner, former secretary of health, education and Welfare and author of extensive leadership papers, most of us want leaders who are not hungry for power, but (ironically enough) we have created a system in which only the power- hungry will stay the course (Gardner, 1989)and why wouldn't we want to be powerful (except for our confusions on the subject) ? the more powerful members of a group tend to be more popular than low-powered members. they speak to, and are addressed by, the other higher powered members more than are lower-powered members (stogdill,1974). they particpate more, they exert more innfluence attempts, and their influence is more accepted( Gray, Richardson, and Mayhew,1968; Hoffman, Burke,and Maier, 1965; Mulder, 1971; Rubin et al., 1971; Rubin and Lewicki, 1973). Groups tend to be better satisfied whem more powerful members occupy leadership positions(stogdill 1974) and those in positions and those in positions of power enjoy being in the group more (kipnis,1972).Further, being in a position of power correlates with positive self- concepts. in an experiment with group of harvard undergraduates, archer(1974) found that those with high power over the experimental period changed in the directions of more negative self-concepts.what determines who has power? one conceptual scheme( French and Raven, 1960) distinguishes five different kind of powerreferent power first, there is the kind of influence we do not even think of as power. we may emulate the clothes of someone we consider fashionable, we may espouse an argument we first heard from a brilliant intellectual with whom we identify, we may buy a book because someone whose opion we valve commented favorably on it. these people have referent power over us; we identify with them in certain areas, and they influence us without our feeling manipulatedIn smaller groups, we hear the suggestions of those whom we perceive as having good ideas quite differently from those whose thinking we categorize pedestrian. We hear the member who speak for us, who represents our point of view, who sounds as though he or she understands our position, and we are much more influenced to act in accordance with his or her suggestions. We may be influenced by those of higher status, a position we regard as important, a personal style, or charisma. In each situation, the powerful person has power because we accept his or her influence and do it voluntarily. Obviously, this power exists only as long as that person is a referent for us. Parents are powerful referents for children until they are teenagers and then perhaps become powerful negative referents for a while; later their referent power usually becomes less direct.
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