This study also explored the relationships between behavioral addictions and personality factors (temperament and character as measured by the TCI-R). In both BP patients and controls, novelty seeking was positively correlated to harmful addictions. This finding is consistent with findings in non-clinical samples regarding consumption of both multiple substances, including illicit drugs and alchohol (Chakroun et al. 2004), and cigarettes (Dinn et al. 2004). The character trait of cooperativeness was found to be negatively related to harmful addictions in both groups. Overall, these findings suggest that temperament and character traits may play roles both as risk factors and as protective factors regarding BAs in euthymic bipolar patients as well as in healthy controls.