Manipulation of performance measures is a central theme in management accounting research. In many organizations, managers have some discretion in reporting the results of their unit. For example, they can select depreciation methods, change assumptions that are used in the valuation of assets, or make provisions and reservations in anticipation of future expenses (e.g., Burgstahler and Dichev [1997], Bowen, Rajgopal, and Venkatachalam [2008]).