Dietary assessment methods and instruments may achieve varying levels of validity and reliability among diverse populations. Kristal et al. found the FFQ less valid with African Americans than Caucasians (p < .001) and higher in validity
among women with fewer than 15 years of education than those with 16 or more years of education (p < .05)
For ethnic or regional audiences, FFQs may need to be customized to include foods that are major contributors of
nutrients in the ethnic or regional diet.There is also concern that English-speaking participants may respond to FFQs (written in English) differently than Spanish-speaking participants respond to FFQs (written in Spanish) since significant differences in food choices have been shown between Latinos and others.