1. Introduction
Sleep is a reversible tranquillization phenomenon controlled by
the circadian rhythms in order to stabilize the energy and alertness
of the human body throughout the day and maintain optimal body
health [1,2]. The thermal environment strongly influences sleep
thermal comfort and sleep quality because a comfortable thermal
environment is essential for shorter sleep latency and sound sleep
duration.
To explore the impact of thermal environment on human be-
ings, Haskell [3] defined 29
?C as the indoor thermal neutral tem-
perature when subjects slept naked except for shorts, and observed
that cold environments were more disruptive to sleep than warm
ones. Miyazawa [4] also noted that the most frequent reasonpeople
woke up from sleep or felt uncomfortable during their usual sleep
was that they felt cold in the winter and hot in the summer. Kim [5]
conducted field tests in four seasons and utilized sleep apnea and
hypopnea as the evaluation indices of sleep quality. He found that
the sleep quality of all subjects was highest in the spring, with a
mean radiant temperature of 23.4
?Ce26.9?C, which is consistent
with a previous study by Kim, Kum et al. [6,7]. However, the tests
were carried out in subjects' own bedrooms without the consid-
eration of thermal sensation, and the bedcovers were of various
thermal resistance according to personal habits and indoor thermal
environment. Based on these points, a warmer indoor thermal
environment was deemed to be better for human thermal comfort
and ensured a higher sleep quality during cold weather. These re-
searchers mostly studied the sleep quality based either on the sleep
structure or obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome; how-
ever, the bed climate was less mentioned.
Thermal comfort during sleep is directly connected to the
microclimate in the bed and only secondly to ambient conditions
[8]. Okamoto-Mizuno [9] did not observe a significant correlation
between the thigh skin temperature and sleep parameters in the
winter and summer, which may be related to the appropriate use
of a bed covering and clothing depending on bedroom tempera-
ture. The use of bedcovers allowed for the development of an
isolated high bed climate temperature, which was critical fo
1. Introduction
Sleep is a reversible tranquillization phenomenon controlled by
the circadian rhythms in order to stabilize the energy and alertness
of the human body throughout the day and maintain optimal body
health [1,2]. The thermal environment strongly influences sleep
thermal comfort and sleep quality because a comfortable thermal
environment is essential for shorter sleep latency and sound sleep
duration.
To explore the impact of thermal environment on human be-
ings, Haskell [3] defined 29
?C as the indoor thermal neutral tem-
perature when subjects slept naked except for shorts, and observed
that cold environments were more disruptive to sleep than warm
ones. Miyazawa [4] also noted that the most frequent reasonpeople
woke up from sleep or felt uncomfortable during their usual sleep
was that they felt cold in the winter and hot in the summer. Kim [5]
conducted field tests in four seasons and utilized sleep apnea and
hypopnea as the evaluation indices of sleep quality. He found that
the sleep quality of all subjects was highest in the spring, with a
mean radiant temperature of 23.4
?Ce26.9?C, which is consistent
with a previous study by Kim, Kum et al. [6,7]. However, the tests
were carried out in subjects' own bedrooms without the consid-
eration of thermal sensation, and the bedcovers were of various
thermal resistance according to personal habits and indoor thermal
environment. Based on these points, a warmer indoor thermal
environment was deemed to be better for human thermal comfort
and ensured a higher sleep quality during cold weather. These re-
searchers mostly studied the sleep quality based either on the sleep
structure or obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome; how-
ever, the bed climate was less mentioned.
Thermal comfort during sleep is directly connected to the
microclimate in the bed and only secondly to ambient conditions
[8]. Okamoto-Mizuno [9] did not observe a significant correlation
between the thigh skin temperature and sleep parameters in the
winter and summer, which may be related to the appropriate use
of a bed covering and clothing depending on bedroom tempera-
ture. The use of bedcovers allowed for the development of an
isolated high bed climate temperature, which was critical fo
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