Measurement The General Health Questionnaire (GHQ30)39 was used to measure depression and anxiety. This questionnaire comprises 5 subscales: somatic complaints, depression, inability to cope, social dysfunction, and anxiety. The 5 components were found to have satisfactory reliability, with Cronbach alpha coefficients of 0.76, 0.76, 0.59, 0.43, and 0.36, respectively, and an overall Cronbach alpha of 0.80. The GHQ30 has been validated in a general Chinese sample,36 but has not been used previously in Chinese samples in private enterprise settings. The 30 items on the scale were translated by the third author into Chinese, and then translated back into English to check the clarity of the translation. The questions were answered using a 4-point Likert scale (‘‘better than before,’’ ‘‘same as before,’’ ‘‘worse than before,’’ and ‘‘much worse than before’’). The scoring system, developed by Goldenberg,39 was used to score 0, 0, 1, 1 for positively worded questions, and 0, 1, 1, 1 for negatively worded questions. A confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to evaluate the factor structure of the 30 items. The chi-square of the 5-factor model was 22 (df=573, P<0.001). The goodness-of-fit index, comparative fit index, and normed fit index were 0.92, 0.90, and 0.88, respectively, and the root-mean-square error of approximation was 0.05. Even though fit indexes of 0.90 are considered acceptable, indexes >0.95 are preferable, according to Hu and Bentler.40 The results indicated that the 30-item, 5-factor scale provided a fair fit to the data. A summation of mean scores for each subscale represented a depression measure, with high scores indicating higher levels of depression. The coefficient alpha was 0.80, and the total variance explained by the questionnaire was 47.3%. The cutoff score of 13 was used to classify people as having depression (those with a higher score than 13), and anything below (0–12.9) was considered normal.41
school-level education.
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