0.5, may indicate glaucoma. Swelling of the optic disk (Figure 3FIGURE 3Swollen Optic Disk.) can have multiple causes, including papilledema, optic neuritis, and anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. Any of the conditions associated with a swollen optic disk requires an emergency workup and an evaluation by an ophthalmologist.
Next, examine each quadrant of the retina, tracing vessels away from and back toward the optic disk. You may ask the patient to look in a particular direction to facilitate visualization of the corresponding part of the retina. For example, if you wish to view the upper right quadrant, ask the patient to look to the upper right.