high-temperature conditions in these rice husk-fuelled combustors operated with a significant heat release rate per
unit volume. Effects of the air staging on both emissions and combustion efficiency of the vortex and cyclonic fluidized-bed
combustors are reported to be rather weak. It should be noted that elevated excess air basically leads to lower thermal efficiency of a power plant (or any other energy conversion units) using these devices, mainly, due to an increase in the heat loss with waste gas (affected by a significant volume of excessive air)