2.4.2. Warner–Bratzler shear force and compression analyses
Assessment of the cooked meat texture was determined using
Warner–Bratzler shear force and compression analyses as described
by Bouton and Harris (1972a). For shear force, the sample was cut
into six rectangular strips of 1 cm2 cross section, parallel to the muscle
fibres. Shear force blade (V-shaped) was fitted to the LF Plus machine
(Lloyd Instruments Ltd, Fereham Hants, UK) and the crosshead speed
was set at 300 mm/min and a 1 kN load cell was used. The mean of
the peak shear force was used as an estimate of tenderness. For compression
analysis, the sample was cut into six cross-section samples
(1 cm thick) with the fibres lying perpendicular on the face of the
largest area. A flat-ended plunger with 0.63 cm surface diameter was
fitted to the LF Plus machine. Firstly, the plunger was driven vertically
at about 80% through the sample. The peak force required for the first
compression was measured and this is defined as hardness. Secondly,
the plunger was withdrawn and then returned to the same damaged
area to measure the work done in repeating the first action. Cohesiveness
is defined as the ratio of the work done during the second compression
and that done during the first compression. Chewiness is defined as
the product of hardness and cohesiveness (Bouton and Harris, 1972a).
2.4.2. Warner–Bratzler shear force and compression analyses
Assessment of the cooked meat texture was determined using
Warner–Bratzler shear force and compression analyses as described
by Bouton and Harris (1972a). For shear force, the sample was cut
into six rectangular strips of 1 cm2 cross section, parallel to the muscle
fibres. Shear force blade (V-shaped) was fitted to the LF Plus machine
(Lloyd Instruments Ltd, Fereham Hants, UK) and the crosshead speed
was set at 300 mm/min and a 1 kN load cell was used. The mean of
the peak shear force was used as an estimate of tenderness. For compression
analysis, the sample was cut into six cross-section samples
(1 cm thick) with the fibres lying perpendicular on the face of the
largest area. A flat-ended plunger with 0.63 cm surface diameter was
fitted to the LF Plus machine. Firstly, the plunger was driven vertically
at about 80% through the sample. The peak force required for the first
compression was measured and this is defined as hardness. Secondly,
the plunger was withdrawn and then returned to the same damaged
area to measure the work done in repeating the first action. Cohesiveness
is defined as the ratio of the work done during the second compression
and that done during the first compression. Chewiness is defined as
the product of hardness and cohesiveness (Bouton and Harris, 1972a).
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