McDaniel and Rylander (1993) classify the activities according to two main approaches: the defensive approach and the assertive approach. Companies that adopt the defensive green marketing approach do only the minimum to avoid negative consequences, i.e., penalties for not meeting local government environmental regulations. Rather than simply meeting government regulations, companies that adopt the assertive approach are more aggressive in green marketing, responding to market trends and surpassing stakeholder requirements. In examining the strategies used in green marketing, previous studies tend to adopt certain categories to create an analytic framework.