A convenience sample of forty-five asymptomatic adult participants, 22 men and 23 women, were recruited for this investigation from a local university setting over an18-month time frame. None of the subjects reported history or current participation in overhead sports with the tested upper extremity.
Recruitment was based on advertisement throughout the university.
Participants who met the study requirements and agreed to participate signed an informed consent form approved by the Institutional Review Board at Nova Southeastern University.
Upon consenting to participate in the study, participants completed a questionnaire to report age, body mass, height, and arm dominance.
Exclusion criteria consisted of reported shoulder pain at the time of data collection, recent shoulder surgery for
which the participant was still receiving care, or current participation in a rehabilitation program for the non-dominant shoulder.
All participants who volunteered met inclusion criteria.
One participant was disqualified following the IR measurement as a result of compromised form during repeated attempts.
The mean and standard deviation (SD) for the participants age, BMI, body mass, and height were 26.31 years (3.74), 25.17 kg/ m2(4.05), 76.72 kg (17.50), and 173.68 cm (9.01) respectively. Testing was performed using the nondominant
arm to account for confounding variables such as humeral retroversion which may be present in the dominant arm and cause a limitation of internal rotation11 independent of PST.
The left arm was the non-dominant arm in 40 of the 45 subjects.