Training and development represents the final category of control. While it could be argued that training and development
belongs as a subset of the “operating systems and procedures” category, it is broken out separately to reinforce the human
resource dimension that underscores the performance management process. The influencing role of performance management
is every bit as much about psychological/behavioral approaches as it is about technical/systems approaches; and one of
the more significant and enduring ways to influence behavior is through training and development. Training and development
invariably has two objectives: to standardize behavior by providing employees with missing skill sets and to up-skill
employees and thereby facilitate opportunities for greater challenge, growth, and ultimately motivation (Noe, 2005).