However, our results also indicate that job satisfaction declines and turnover intention increases if the HRIS is perceived
as threatening. Thus, negative job satisfaction and increasing turnover intentions are unintended consequences of HRIS
implementations in organizations. If organizations do not succeed in creating a positive image of an HRIS, HR employees become
dissatisfied. In this situation, the pitfall for organizations is that negative occurrences are more dominant in the long
run than positive ones (Ito et al., 1998). For example the simplification of one’s daily work may only last a short period of
time, but negative effects such as changing work routines or HR identities have long-lasting effects. As a consequence, such
negative experiences decrease satisfaction and increase turnover intention.
Our results indicate that job satisfaction and turnover intention as work-related consequences are two examples of unintended
individual-level consequences of an HRIS implementation. In this context of e-HRM consequences, Strohmeier (2009)
concludes that prior research lacks an explicit concept of e-HRM consequences. These approaches (see Strohmeier, 2009 for
an overview) indicate a low level of problem awareness in both research and practice regarding (un)intended consequences
of HRIS implementations. Strohmeier (2009) identifies positive consequences of e-HRM such as reducing costs, speeding up
processes, improving quality, and even gaining a more strategic role for HR within the organization. These examples of HRIS
success can be classified as organizational consequences. He concludes that ‘‘besides expected and desired consequences e-
HRM will also yield unexpected and undesired result’’ (p. 539) which thus far have not been the focus of research. Hence, he
calls for research that raises the level of awareness regarding (un)intended consequences of HRIS implementation. Our research
is a direct response to this conclusion, as we propose and evaluate the individual-level consequences of an HRIS
implementation. In addition to organizational consequences (e.g., process improvements, strategic role of HR), implementation
of an HRIS also influences individual level consequences such as job satisfaction and turnover intention. Thus, based on
our results, we extend current HRIS-consequences research by proposing individual-level consequences as a new dimension.