By the time the Gulf War started in 1990, the American government had fully
taken on board the lessons it had learned during the Vietnam War. It created a
new body – the Department of Defense News Media Pool (DoDNMP) – that
was put in place to effectively control and manage the media’s access to the battlefield. Structurally, this involved organizing reporters into official pools with
military escorts, giving official news briefings about military operations, restricting
the travel and movement of journalists and subjecting all copy written by journalists
to a ‘formal security review’ (Tumber and Palmer 2004: 3). Unsurprisingly,
this situation was very unpopular with the media, who argued that they could not
do their jobs properly – as watchdogs – if they were not given direct access to the
battlefield. As war correspondent P.J. O’Rourke explained at the time:
By the time the Gulf War started in 1990, the American government had fully
taken on board the lessons it had learned during the Vietnam War. It created a
new body – the Department of Defense News Media Pool (DoDNMP) – that
was put in place to effectively control and manage the media’s access to the battlefield. Structurally, this involved organizing reporters into official pools with
military escorts, giving official news briefings about military operations, restricting
the travel and movement of journalists and subjecting all copy written by journalists
to a ‘formal security review’ (Tumber and Palmer 2004: 3). Unsurprisingly,
this situation was very unpopular with the media, who argued that they could not
do their jobs properly – as watchdogs – if they were not given direct access to the
battlefield. As war correspondent P.J. O’Rourke explained at the time:
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