Over the past decade, graphene has attracted tremendous
research interest owing to its extraordinary electronic and optical
properties. As a single layer of carbon atoms closely arranged in
honeycomb lattice, graphene exhibits remarkably high absorption
rate defined by the fine structure constant pa (2.3%). However,
such absorption rate is still insufficient in a variety of graphene
based photonic and optoelectronic applications, and enhancement
of the rate up to 100% is greatly desired. Recently, graphene has
been found to support surface plasmons whose intense optical
fields can be explored to enhance light-graphene interactions
[1–4]. By patterning graphene into nano-structures to excite graphene
plasmons, the absorption rate of graphene are significantly
improved and even complete optical absorption is reported to be
possible [5–8]. Another effective route of graphene plasmon excitations
is to introduce nano scatters (nano-tips, nano-particles
and nano-gratings) in the vicinity of graphene [9–15]. This
approach does not require the pattering of graphene and hence
preserves its high mobility. It has been demonstrated that the
approach is promising to increase the absorption rate of graphene,
but systematic studies of the underlying physical mechanism and
the condition to achieve complete optical absorption still lack.
Over the past decade, graphene has attracted tremendousresearch interest owing to its extraordinary electronic and opticalproperties. As a single layer of carbon atoms closely arranged inhoneycomb lattice, graphene exhibits remarkably high absorptionrate defined by the fine structure constant pa (2.3%). However,such absorption rate is still insufficient in a variety of graphenebased photonic and optoelectronic applications, and enhancementof the rate up to 100% is greatly desired. Recently, graphene hasbeen found to support surface plasmons whose intense opticalfields can be explored to enhance light-graphene interactions[1–4]. By patterning graphene into nano-structures to excite grapheneplasmons, the absorption rate of graphene are significantlyimproved and even complete optical absorption is reported to bepossible [5–8]. Another effective route of graphene plasmon excitationsis to introduce nano scatters (nano-tips, nano-particlesand nano-gratings) in the vicinity of graphene [9–15]. Thisapproach does not require the pattering of graphene and hencepreserves its high mobility. It has been demonstrated that theapproach is promising to increase the absorption rate of graphene,but systematic studies of the underlying physical mechanism andthe condition to achieve complete optical absorption still lack.
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