The use of antifouling agents reduces growth of marine organisms, which if left on the boat hull can seriously reduce fuel efficiency and increase fuel use (Evans et al., 2000) and subsequent greenhouse gas emissions. However, their use comes with well documented ecotoxicity costs (Fernández-Alba et al., 2002). For example, the use of antifoul has been identified as contributing disproportionately to the total environmental impact of Spanish tuna fisheries (Hospido and Tyedmers, 2005). There is some debate over the importance of the toxicity of metals used inantifoul with an argument that a zero toxicity characterization factor should be applied in marine waters as the oceans are deficient in essential metals, such as zinc and copper (Aboussouan et al., 2004).
The use of antifouling agents reduces growth of marine organisms, which if left on the boat hull can seriously reduce fuel efficiency and increase fuel use (Evans et al., 2000) and subsequent greenhouse gas emissions. However, their use comes with well documented ecotoxicity costs (Fernández-Alba et al., 2002). For example, the use of antifoul has been identified as contributing disproportionately to the total environmental impact of Spanish tuna fisheries (Hospido and Tyedmers, 2005). There is some debate over the importance of the toxicity of metals used inantifoul with an argument that a zero toxicity characterization factor should be applied in marine waters as the oceans are deficient in essential metals, such as zinc and copper (Aboussouan et al., 2004).
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