In general, heating values can be reported as higher and
lower heating value, HHV (gross) and LHV (net), respectively.
The difference between HHV and LHV is equal to the heat of
vaporization of water formed by combustion of the fuel.
The high heating values in this study were obtained from calculation
by Dulong as shown in Eq. (1) and the low heating values
were calculated by the Eq. (2) proposed by Oasmaa [22]: