is
the measured absorption coefficient as a function of the
reverse voltage. ( ) 'n V represents the refractive index
variation as a function of reverse voltage and is
calculated by the measured ( , ) D V O , D is the measured
absorption coefficient as a function of reverse voltage
V and the operating wavelength O. T0 is the intrinsic
loss, L is the length, and * is the optical limiting
factor of the EAM.
Equation (1) is used to calculate the resultant amplitude
and chirp characteristics after the EAM. The chirp
is defined as the difference between the instantaneous
frequency and the carrier frequency with the following
equation: