Risk factors for urological malignancy Smoking history Itisestimatedthatcigarettesmokingisthecauseofbladder cancerin38%ofmenand34%ofwomendiagnosed(Cancer ResearchUK,2014).Currentsmokershavetwotothree timestheriskofpeoplewhohaveneversmokedwiththerisk increasingwiththenumberofyearspeoplehavesmokedand thenumberofcigarettessmokedeachday. Smoking cessation reduces the risk, but the risk of developing bladder cancer remains higher in people who havequitsmokingthaninpeoplewhohavenotsmokedfor morethan20years.(CancerResearchUK,2014).