Zamenhof wanted as many people as possible to learn Esperanto, so he made the language extremely simple, with no
irregularities or exceptions to the basic rules. For example, in Esperanto all nouns end with an -o. All nouns can be made
plural by simply adding a -j. So the word for friend is amiko, and the plural is amikoj. All adjectives end with an -a. To create
the opposite meaning, a speaker simply adds mal- to the beginning of the word. So, for example, the word for big is granda,
and the word for small is malgranda. The rules for verbs are equally simple, with no irregular verbs and no conjugation.
For all Zamenhof’s good intentions, Esperanto never became the unifying international language he had hoped it would
become. People were not eager to spend time learning a new language which so few other people spoke. However,
Esperanto has survived to this day and is spoken by at least 100,000 people around the world.
The second most successful invented language is called Klingon. Other than the fact that it is also an invented language, it
shares almost no similarities with Esperanto. Klingon, which was invented over 25 years ago, was not created with the noble
intention of promoting the peaceful coexistence of people from diff erent cultures. Instead, it is a trademarked invention of a
major television studio. It was created in 1984 by a linguist named Marc Okrand for use in the Star Trek series. The characters
who speak this language are the Klingon, a fi ctitious race of people from outer space.
The Klingon Dictionary, which is copyrighted by the television studio, has sold more than 300,000 copies, and has made
quite a bit of money. Unlike Esperanto, Klingon is an extremely complicated language with complex grammar, making it an
immensely diffi cult language to learn. As a result, it is estimated that only a few thousand people can speak Klingon with any
fl uency. Yet interestingly, Okrand intentionally made Klingon diffi cult to learn. His goal for Klingon was almost the opposite
Zamenhof wanted as many people as possible to learn Esperanto, so he made the language extremely simple, with no
irregularities or exceptions to the basic rules. For example, in Esperanto all nouns end with an -o. All nouns can be made
plural by simply adding a -j. So the word for friend is amiko, and the plural is amikoj. All adjectives end with an -a. To create
the opposite meaning, a speaker simply adds mal- to the beginning of the word. So, for example, the word for big is granda,
and the word for small is malgranda. The rules for verbs are equally simple, with no irregular verbs and no conjugation.
For all Zamenhof’s good intentions, Esperanto never became the unifying international language he had hoped it would
become. People were not eager to spend time learning a new language which so few other people spoke. However,
Esperanto has survived to this day and is spoken by at least 100,000 people around the world.
The second most successful invented language is called Klingon. Other than the fact that it is also an invented language, it
shares almost no similarities with Esperanto. Klingon, which was invented over 25 years ago, was not created with the noble
intention of promoting the peaceful coexistence of people from diff erent cultures. Instead, it is a trademarked invention of a
major television studio. It was created in 1984 by a linguist named Marc Okrand for use in the Star Trek series. The characters
who speak this language are the Klingon, a fi ctitious race of people from outer space.
The Klingon Dictionary, which is copyrighted by the television studio, has sold more than 300,000 copies, and has made
quite a bit of money. Unlike Esperanto, Klingon is an extremely complicated language with complex grammar, making it an
immensely diffi cult language to learn. As a result, it is estimated that only a few thousand people can speak Klingon with any
fl uency. Yet interestingly, Okrand intentionally made Klingon diffi cult to learn. His goal for Klingon was almost the opposite
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