SYNTHESIS AND ANALYSIS OF SILVER/GOLD NANOPARTICLES
Shelby Hatch and George Schatz Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
Background
All physical and chemical properties are size dependent, and the properties of materials on the nanosize scale have important consequences in wide ranging fields. Exploiting nanoscale behavior will eventually lead scientists to develop devices that can selectively attack diseased cells, increase computer speed or improve chemical and biological sensors. The composition, size, shape and environment of nanosized particles strongly influence their ultimate utility. Chemical dyes were the first use of metal nanoparticles, dating back hundreds of years. Glass blowers used gold and silver colloids as the coloring agents in stained glass windows. Gold nanoparticles (having a size of 10 -15 nm) produce a red or purple hue while silver nanoparticles (with a size of 20 -30 nm) produce a yellow or brown hue. Another very important field leading the development of nanotechnology is catalysis where nanosized materials composed either of transition metals like platinum or metal oxides often facilitate chemical processes by increasing the rate of the reaction. By making catalyst particles very small, large surface areas are achieved with a small volume of material. In the field of medicine, biological and chemical sensors are made of nanoscale particles that are very sensitive to their local environment, making them ideal for detection of trace amounts of many substances, including bacteria, DNA and environmental toxins. The electronics industry is focused on using nanoparticles in data storage devices, which are dependent on the number of memory elements that can be packed into a given area. By making features that are very small, more information can be encoded into a given area increasing computer speed.
Nanotechnology is the general name of the sciences that are interested in the study of materials on the nanometer-sized scale for the purpose of developing practical applications. The prefix “nano” means one billionth of something, for example: 1 nanometer is 1x10-9 meter. A typical atom has a diameter of about one third of a nanometer while a human hair has the diameter of approximately 200,000 nanometers. Research in the nanotechnology field is just beginning, yet interesting science is already being done which will have significant impacts on our daily lives in the years to come.3.4
The nanoscale system we will be studying in lab is a silver colloid. A very similar procedure can be used for gold nanoparticles, but only silver will be described here. The colloid is made of nanoscale silver particles suspended in an aqueous solution. The particles are negatively charged and in the solution and they remain suspended due to the repulsion of the negative charges between the particles. If we add an electrolyte to our colloid solution, we can aggregate the colloidal particles into clusters and even form a monolayer of silver particles. This monolayer will sink to the bottom of the vial. As this occurs, the optical properties of the colloid are changing. We will use visible absorption
spectroscopy to measure the changes in the colloid by measuring the absorbed wavelengths (color change of the colloid) as the silver precipitates out of the solution.
การสังเคราะห์และการวิเคราะห์เก็บกักเงินทอง Shelby แฮทช์และจอร์จ Schatz ตะวันตกเฉียงเหนือมหาวิทยาลัย Evanston, IL 60208 พื้นหลัง All physical and chemical properties are size dependent, and the properties of materials on the nanosize scale have important consequences in wide ranging fields. Exploiting nanoscale behavior will eventually lead scientists to develop devices that can selectively attack diseased cells, increase computer speed or improve chemical and biological sensors. The composition, size, shape and environment of nanosized particles strongly influence their ultimate utility. Chemical dyes were the first use of metal nanoparticles, dating back hundreds of years. Glass blowers used gold and silver colloids as the coloring agents in stained glass windows. Gold nanoparticles (having a size of 10 -15 nm) produce a red or purple hue while silver nanoparticles (with a size of 20 -30 nm) produce a yellow or brown hue. Another very important field leading the development of nanotechnology is catalysis where nanosized materials composed either of transition metals like platinum or metal oxides often facilitate chemical processes by increasing the rate of the reaction. By making catalyst particles very small, large surface areas are achieved with a small volume of material. In the field of medicine, biological and chemical sensors are made of nanoscale particles that are very sensitive to their local environment, making them ideal for detection of trace amounts of many substances, including bacteria, DNA and environmental toxins. The electronics industry is focused on using nanoparticles in data storage devices, which are dependent on the number of memory elements that can be packed into a given area. By making features that are very small, more information can be encoded into a given area increasing computer speed. Nanotechnology is the general name of the sciences that are interested in the study of materials on the nanometer-sized scale for the purpose of developing practical applications. The prefix “nano” means one billionth of something, for example: 1 nanometer is 1x10-9 meter. A typical atom has a diameter of about one third of a nanometer while a human hair has the diameter of approximately 200,000 nanometers. Research in the nanotechnology field is just beginning, yet interesting science is already being done which will have significant impacts on our daily lives in the years to come.3.4 The nanoscale system we will be studying in lab is a silver colloid. A very similar procedure can be used for gold nanoparticles, but only silver will be described here. The colloid is made of nanoscale silver particles suspended in an aqueous solution. The particles are negatively charged and in the solution and they remain suspended due to the repulsion of the negative charges between the particles. If we add an electrolyte to our colloid solution, we can aggregate the colloidal particles into clusters and even form a monolayer of silver particles. This monolayer will sink to the bottom of the vial. As this occurs, the optical properties of the colloid are changing. We will use visible absorption spectroscopy to measure the changes in the colloid by measuring the absorbed wavelengths (color change of the colloid) as the silver precipitates out of the solution.
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