These effects extend to a number of people-focused principal behaviors, including ongoing supervision in classrooms, conflict management, and guidance for improving instructional outcomes (Hallinger & Heck, 1998). In addition, principals affect the culture for learning found in schools (Hallinger & Heck, 1998). Although Hallinger and Heck list social networks, people, and culture as different findings, the conceptual distinctions are not that clear and probably reflect the ongoing conceptual messiness surrounding operationalization of instructional leadership. They conclude by addressing the further need for theoretical and practical development of specific answers to the question of how principals influence school outcomes and how their practices are mediated by school contexts (Hallinger & Heck, 1998, p. 186).