Previous research on re-manufacturing has addressed a variety of problems, and we summarize the efforts relevant to production planning and control in Table 1. A thorough discussion of this literature is available in Guide et al. (1999), so our discussion here will be limited. While a number of topics have been covered in depth by the existing body of knowledge, significant areas have not been addressed in previous works. A very limited number of case studies exist (Thierry et al., 1995; Ferrer, 1996; Guide, 1996), and the majority of these studies are limited to a specific functional activity, such as scheduling.